Talk about the heavens and the earth, tell the news, explain the flowers and the words and interesting things
Original text of Yangcheng School/Xia Yang
Recently, the archaeological journal “Huaxia Archaeology” published the “2016-2017 Archaeological Excavation Brief for Anyang Gaoling Cemetery Ruins”. The topic of “Cao Cao’s Tomb” that has been paid attention to for ten years has once again appeared in the public eye.
Staff in front of “Cao Cao’s Tomb” Photo/Xinhuanet
As a household name in China, Cao Cao’s past and afterlife were all very topical. Especially after his death, coupled with the legendary renderings of literary works and historical legends, it became more confusing. Legends such as “The Golden Captain” and “72 Suspicious Tombs” are the most talked about.
Stills/Data Pictures of the TV series “Jingjue Ancient City”
It has been 10 years since the initial discovery of the “Cao Cao’s Tomb”. Although Cao Cao’s tomb was officially recognized, it was questioned. Later, with the discovery of the new Cao Wei tomb, the chain of evidence became more and more complete, and the voices of doubt gradually weakened.
The arch of the front room of “Cao Cao’s Tomb” Picture/Xinhuanet
After the past ten years of exploration and Babaylan 1990 cloth draw controversy, we look back and think about: Why did the process of discovering and identifying Cao Cao’s tomb bend be full of twists and turns? How should we view the legends in history? How did the mysteries surrounding Cao Cao’s tomb come into being?
Cao Cao in the film and television drama/data picture
The discovery of “Gaoling” has caused ten years of controversy
2Around 008, a large tomb was stolen in Xigaoxue Village, Anyang, Henan Province. With the approval of the State Administration of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, the Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology carried out protective excavations. At the archaeological discovery briefing held in Beijing in 2009, shocking news came out: The tomb was initially confirmed to be “Cao Cao Gaoling”!
Instructions for Archaeological Discovery/Southern Metropolis Daily
After expert demonstration, the State Administration of Cultural Heritage recognized this judgment. The excavation project was also rated as the “Top Ten Archaeological Discoveries in China in 2009” and became a national cultural heritage protection unit in 2013. But at the same time, all kinds of doubts are like floods, and there are no criticisms from well-known professors and scholars.
Some of the questions went beyond the scope of academic discussions, pointing out that the local government rashly concluded the “Cao Cao’s tomb” in order to seek economic benefits.
Photo of Cao Cao was painted in the Ming Dynasty/data picture
The tomb was severely stolen during archaeological excavation, and Cinema 1950 witch cloth draw Fortunately, more than 200 objects are still retained. The most important ones are 7, engraved with inscriptions such as “The tiger’s halberd often used by King Wu of Wei” and “The tiger’s halberd often used by King Wu of Wei” and other inscriptions. Among the cultural relics recovered by the police from the tomb robbers, there is also a stone pillow engraved with “Cinema 1950 witch cloth draw” in the inscription.
These are key cultural relics for Komiks 1960 witch cloth draw to determine the identity of the tomb owner. But some people questioned, how could I hold stone cards for every funeral item? In ancient times, bamboo slips were used to register burial objects, and Cao Wei also used stone tablets. Is it a regression in history? Some people also proposed the title of “King Wu of Wei” to confuse Yin and Yang names into Cinema 1950 witch cloth draw is integrated, and some even question the stone tablet is suspected of being faked!
Stone plaque unearthed from “Cao Cao’s Tomb” Picture/Oriental Daily
In addition, some gold, silver and jade products were unearthed in the tomb. So some people questioned that this was inconsistent with the historical records of Cao Cao’s promotion of burial, and they inferred that this was not Cao Cao’s tomb.
Faced with various aggressive doubts, the cultural relics and archaeology department chose to remain silent for a while to wait for more evidence to appear. After all, the identification of cultural relics requires Cinema 1950 witch cloth draw objective and scientific, and anyone can express different opinions when the evidence is insufficient.
Celadon jars were unearthed from the tomb Photo/Henan Business Daily
In 2016, another large Cao Wei tomb was found in Xizhu Village, Luoyang, but due to serious excavation, the identity of the tomb owner has not been determined. The tomb was built in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, but it is different from the north-south direction of the Eastern Han Dynasty imperial tombs, and is in the east-west direction like the “Cao Cao Tomb”.
The excavation site of Xizhu Village tomb Photo/Luoyang Evening News
Also confirmed with the Xizhu Village tomb, Komiks 1960 witch cloth draw A tomb tomb facing east-west Cao Wei nobles was found in the Han imperial tomb in Shandong Province. The unearthed bronze seal shows that the owner of the tomb was Cao Xiu, a famous general of Cao Wei and the Grand Sima, who was the nephew of Cao Cao.
ElectronicCao Xiu/Data Picture in the TV series “Military Advisors Alliance”
The bronze seal of “Cao Xiu” that proves the identity of the tomb owner/Xinhuanet
The most important information is that the large tomb of Xizhu Village was unearthed with a large number of stone plaques that are the same as the “Cao Cao Tomb” stone plaques. This cleared the suspicion of the stone plaque of “Cao Cao’s Tomb” as a forgery.
The low-value stone tablets unearthed from Cao Wei’s tomb are also consistent with Cao Cao’s advocacy of thin burials. However, all three large tombs were excavated and damaged seriously, and the unearthed cultural relics were limited, so it is still difficult to draw conclusions in some information. However, some scholars infer that perhaps the burial objects written on the stone tablets in the Cao Wei tomb may be just a name and have not been buried in the physical objects.
Stone plaques unearthed from the tomb of Xizhu Village/Data picture
Other burial vessels in the tomb are mostly symbolic bright vessels, such as Gui and Bi, are made of stone, and the tripod is made of pottery. The burial of the tripod is the exclusive treatment of the emperor. The pottery tripod is replaced by a copper tripod, which is both in compliance with the regulations and without losing the meaning of the burial.
The ritual vessel is made of ceramic picture/@Henan Business Daily
The ritual vessel is made of stone Photo/Today’s Morning News
Does gold, silver and jade unearthed from “Cao Cao’s tomb” violate the style of burial? In this regard, archaeological experts explained that these are all accessories on the clothes of the tomb owner when he was buried, such as gold buttons, gold wire, etc. Cinema 1950 witch clothes draw is not a burial object. This is consistent with the saying that “dwelling with the clothes of the time” in Cao Cao’s order.
A small amount of jade agate products were unearthed Photo/China News Service
The historical facts are clear, why is there still a legend of “72 suspicious tombs”?
When the archaeological community identified the “Cao Cao Tomb”, there were surging doubts from all walks of life, which was also related to the mystery of the Cao Cao Tomb itself. It is said that Cao Cao’s tomb has “72 suspicious tombs”Babaylan 1990 cloth draw. How can such a secret tomb be easily found? Because of Komiks 1960 witch cloth draw, there are natural opposition in the official recognition, and even doubts about the accuracy and objectivity of archaeological excavation information.
Tomb passage of “Cao Cao Cao’s Tomb” Picture/China News Service
Cao Cao Cao is famous in Chinese history and culture. There are many factors in this, from historical facts on the one hand, and from literary legends on the other.
Cao Cao in history was an outstanding politician, military strategist, and writer. But since the Northern Song Dynasty, due to political needs and preferences for literary legends, the treacherous and suspicious side of Cao Cao’s personality was magnified, and his image was stereotyped as a treacherous hero, and his tomb site was Komiks 1960 witch cloth draw The unknown also made him take the blame and became a proof of his treacherousness. The poem “Cao Cao’s suspicion tomb” by Yu Yingfu of the Song Dynasty says: “When he was alive, he was out of the Han throne, and after he died, he set up suspicion tombs. ”
Statue of Cao Cao/Data Picture
In the Ming Dynasty, Luo GuanzhongThe Romance of the Three Kingdoms set Shu Han as orthodox, used literary techniques to exaggerate Cao Cao’s treacherous character, and designed the plot of Cao Cao’s last order setting up 72 suspicious tombs west of Yecheng. There is an article in Pu Songling’s “Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio” “Cao Cao Tomb”, which follows this statement and says that Cao Cao’s tomb may add a layer of mystery to the “72 doubts tombs”.
TV series “Romance of the Three Kingdoms”Babaylan 1990 clothes draw Stills/Data picture
About Cao Cao’s tomb, there are four legends circulating among the people in Yecheng: one says that “72 suspicious tomb” is located west of Yecheng, the second says that Cao Cao’s tomb is at the bottom of the Zhanghe River, the third says that it is outside Xuchang City, and the fourth says that it is under the Tongquetai of Yecheng City.
At the side of the Zhang River west of Yecheng, there are indeed groups of ancient tombs distributed. This is the location of Cao Cao’s “72Babaylan 1990 cloth draw” (actually 134) legendary. However, it has been confirmed that it belongs to the Northern Dynasties tomb group, and the tomb of the Lanling King is among them.
Lanling King/Data Picture in Film and Television Drama
Why is the theory of doubting the tomb widely circulated? Some scholars analyzed that this is related to people’s wishes. Influenced by artistic works and folk legends, ordinary people thought Cao Cao was treacherous and were willing to believe that he would set up suspicious tombs.
However, to determine that tombs are serious academic issues, a rigorous and scientific attitude must be maintained. In the face of this kind of problem, we must clarify the boundaries between literature, art, legend and official history, and return to history itself to explore historical figures.
White-faced Cao Cao in Peking Opera Picture/International Online
In fact, if we go from Babaylan 1990 cloth draw Looking at Cao Cao’s tomb from a historical perspective, you will find that it is not mysterious and the clues are quite clear. In his later years, Cao Cao issued the “End Order” to arrange his funeral, saying that “the west of Ximen Bao Temple is Shouling”; before his death, he also said in the “Legend Order” that “buried in Xigang in Ye, similar to the Ximen Bao Temple.”
Historical materials from later generations show that Cao Cinema 1950 witch cloth drawCao was not a secret burial after his death, nor did he set up a suspicious tomb. Records of “The Three Kingdoms” and “Book of Jin” and other records that in 220 AD, Cao Cao died in Luoyang, and his coffin was transported back to Yecheng and buried in the hills west of the Leopard Temple in the West Gate of Yecheng.
The ruins of Yecheng are located in Linzhang, Hebei Province. Babaylan 1990 clothes draw Materials
Until the Tang Dynasty, people had no doubt about the location of Cao Cao’s tomb. When Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty, Li Shimin passed by Yecheng when he was expeditioning Goryeo, he also worshiped Cao Cao’s tomb and wrote a tribute. This shows that at least in the Tang Dynasty, the location of Cao Cao’s tomb was very clear.
However, because Cao Cao’s tomb is “not sealed or treed”, there is no obvious sign on the surface, and it gradually disappeared in the mountains and fields over time, and the specific location is difficult to explain. Especially the Ximen Bao Temple, which is used as a reference for its location, was later found in the ground buildings, which made Cao Cao’s tomb a mystery.
Schematic diagram of the location of “Cao Cao’s tomb”/data picture
Strive to counter tradition and lead the “thin burial” trend for 400 years
Cao Cao advocated burial. Before he died, he issued a “Legal Order”, requiring him to “bury with time clothes” and “no hidden treasures after his death. His son followed his Cinema 1950 witch clothes draw will. Cao Pi’s “Statement” and Cao Zhi’s “Essay” describe the funeral and the burial situation, and he wore repaired clothes during the burial.
The scene of Cao Cao’s burial in film and television dramas/data picture
Cao Chuo was a hero of a generation and “used the emperor to command the princes”, and was actually the master of the Han world. Although he was only the “King of Wei” during his lifetime, he actually enjoyed the treatment of an emperor. Shortly after his death, his son Cao Pi abolished Emperor Xian of Han and established the Cao Wei regime, and posthumously named him “Emperor Wu of Wei”. There is a similar manifestation in the information of the tomb in Xigaoxue Village. The scale of the tomb did not reach the imperial level, but he buried the “die” exclusive to the emperor.
Xigaoxue Village Tomb Photo/Xinhuanet
Cao Cao advocated a thin burial, showing the spirit of a generation of heroes. After all, Chinese culture respects filial piety, and emperors “govern the world with filial piety”, so descendants always have to bury their ancestors with great filial piety to demonstrate filial piety.
The tradition of burial of emperors in China has a long history. Qin Shihuang’s underground Terracotta Warriors and Horses shocked the world. Emperor Wu of Han used one-third of the world’s taxes to repair Maoling. Liu Sheng, the princes of the Han Dynasty, wore golden jade clothes to be buried. The underground palace of Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty Zhaoling was “not different from the world”…
Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang in Xi’an Picture/Visual China
Why did Cao Cao advocate Cinema 1950 witch cloth drawFree reasons. Objectively speaking, the late Eastern Han Dynasty had wars and chaos, and the people’s livelihood in the Central Plains was in decline. “Five-five-joined military campaigns, and they were able to return home at the 180th century”, “White bones were exposed in the wild, and there was no rooster crowing thousands of miles away.” Cao Cao advocated burial to be compassionate with the people’s feelings, which deserves praise.
The wars and chaos in the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty/Data picture
In fact, as the founder of the Cao Wei regime, Cao Cao had a high position and was worthy of money. HisTherefore, it is necessary to oppose tradition and advocate thin burial, which is related to his personal value tendency. The Book of Wei said that Cao Cao was “elegant and frugal, not fancy,” so it was natural for him to propose “small burial” in his late years.
Cao Cao’s practice has opened up the 400-year burial style of burial for the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. It was not until the Tang Dynasty that the tradition of grand funeral was restored.
The historical Babaylan 1990 clothes drawCao Cao is very frugal/Data picture
Of course, Cao Cao’s advocacy of burial is not unrelated to the saying of “the lieutenant of gold”. In order to raise food and money, Cao Cao set up the “Golden Crown Captain” and “Faqiu General Komiks 1960 witch clothes draw” in the army, specializing in digging graves and plundering gold and silver to fill military salary. Therefore, Cao Cao was known as the “ancestor of the Mojin School” in later generations. This statement is mentioned in Chen Lin, one of the “Seven Sons of Jian’an”, a famous article “Expression to Yuzhou for Yuan Shao”.
Stills/Data Pictures of the movie “Looking for Dragons”
Cao Cao, who is so familiar with tomb robbers, naturally thought that behind him might be “treated by his own wayKomiks 1960 witch cloth draw to treat his body.” He knew that tomb robbers were seeking money, and tomb robbers who did not have burial objects were not very interested. Because Babaylan 1990 clothes draw advocates burial and deliberately leaves records, there is inevitably the consideration of fear of being disturbed by tomb robbers behind him.
Cao Cao in the TV series “Military Advisors Alliance”/Data picture
What Cao Cao did not expect was that although he advocated “thin burial” in his practice and later generations helped him interpret the “72 suspicious tombs”, he ultimately failed to escape the embarrassment of being disturbed by the tomb robbers of his long sleep!
The ancestor of tomb robbers also encountered the embarrassment of being robbed by tombs/data picture
The road to discovery and identification of the “Cao Cao Tomb” in Xigaoxue Village, Anyang has been going through ten yearsKomiks 1960 witch clothes draw as a studentKomiks 1960 witch clothes Although we have basically consistent views on the draw issue, we still need to continue to maintain an open mind and accept various views. After all, taking every possible doubt rigorously will help us to keep getting closer to the historical truth and finally reach the truth!
Full evidence can clear the historyKomiks 1960 witch cloth drawHistory mist/data picture
Source｜Yangchengpai
Column hostBabaylan 1990 cloth draw｜Xia Yang
Editor｜Xie Zhe